Learn Japanese Grammar: Adjectives

Japanese has two main classes of adjectives.
Pure adjectives (形容詞 keiyōshi, aka. i-type adjective)
these are very similar to verbs, having roots and conjugating stem forms.
Adjectival nouns (形容動詞 keiyōdōshi, aka na-type adjective)
these are grammatical nouns (though not necessarily legally possible as nouns) that are affixed with -na or -no to form the adjective.

All pure adjectives except for いい (ii, good) have regular conjugations, and ii is irregular only in the fact that it is a corruption of the regular adjective 良い (yoi) which manifests itself in the conjugations. All adjectival nouns conjugate regularly.

 

stem forms for adjectives
pure adjectives adjectival nouns
安・い (yasu.) い・い (i.) 静か- (shizuka-)
Attributive form1
(連体形 rentaikei)
安い (.i) いい (.i) 静かな (-na)
Terminal form1
(終止形 shuushikei)
安い (.i) いい (.i) 静かだ (-da)
Continuative form
(連用形 ren'youkei)
安く (.ku) 良く (yo.ku)*
静かで (-de)
Imperfective form
(未然形 mizenkei)
安かろ (.karo) 良かろ (yo.karo)* 静かだろ (-daro)
Hypothetical form
(仮定形 kateikei)
安けれ (.kere) 良けれ (yo.kere)* 静かなら (-nara)
Imperative form2
(命令形 meireikei)
安かれ (.kare) 良かれ (yo.kare) 静かなれ (-nare)

Like verbs, we can enumerate some common conjugations of adjectives. Also, ii isn't special-cased, because all conjugations are identical to yoi.

 

  pure adjectives
安い (yasui)
adjectival nouns
静か (shizuka)
plain
polite
nonpast
term. + copula です (desu) 安いです
yasui desu
root + copula です (desu) 静かです
shizuka desu
informal
past
cont. + あった (atta)
(u + a collapse)
安かった
yasuk.atta
cont. + あった (atta)
(e + a collapse)
静かだった
shizuka d.atta
informal
negative
nonpast
cont. + (は)ない ((wa) nai)1 安く(は)ない
yasuku(wa)nai
cont. + (は)ない ((wa) nai) 静かで(は)ない
shizuka de (wa) nai
informal
negative
past
cont. + (は)なかった ((wa) nakatta)1 安く(は)なかった
yasuku(wa)nakatta
cont. + (は)なかった ((wa) nakatta) 静かで(は)なかった
shizuka de (wa) nakatta
polite
negative
non past
inf. neg. non-past + copula です (desu)1 安くないです
yasukunai desu
inf. cont + (は)ありません ((wa) arimasen) 静かではありません
shizuka de wa arimasen
polite
negative
past
inf. neg. past + copula です (desu)1 安くなかったです
yasukunakatta desu
inf. cont + (は)ありませんでした ((wa) arimasen deshita) 静かではありませんでした
shizuka de wa arimasen deshita
inf. neg. past + なかったです (nakatta desu)1 静かではなかったです
shizuka de wa nakatta desu
-te form cont. + て (te) 安くて
yasuku.te
cont. 静かで
shizuka de
conditional2 hyp. + ば (ba) 安ければ
yasukere.ba
hyp. (+ ば (ba)) 静かなら(ば)
shizuka nara(ba)
provisional2 inf. past + ら (ra) 安かったら
yasukatta.ra
inf. past + ら (ra) 静かだったら
shizuka datta.ra
volitional3 imperf. + う (u) 安かろう (yasukarō) imperf. + う (u)
= root + だろう (darō)
静かだろう (shizuka darō)
adverbial cont. 安く
yasuku.
root + に (ni) 静かに
shizuka ni
degree (-ness) root + さ (sa) 安さ
yasu-sa
root + sa 静かさ
shizuka-sa

Below you will find an useful links to learn Japanese grammar in more details. Good Luck!


Japanese Verbs
Learn Japanese Adjectives
Types Of Adjectives
List Of Japanese Adjectives
Pronouns
Learn About Nouns
Learn About Adverbs

 
 

 

 

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